Mule palms are some of the best cold tolerant feather palm choices, mine has been frosted several times when under 3' NADA. By the end of spring, you will have an idea weather you need to replace your palm. In most cases for DIY palm tree pruning, this will include a pruning saw and hand pruners. At first, the palm might look completely normal, but then the new leaves emerge deformed and partially browned. When fronds with living tissue need to be pruned, remove only the lower fronds extending out less than 90 degrees from the trunk. 7 LB. Removing these fronds by pruning palm plants not only prevents breakage damage, but also eliminates nesting places for rats, scorpions, and other pests. You can sharpen your blades with a whetsone, oilstone, or a bench grinder.

I have a very detailed article called 10 Ways To Protect Palm Trees From Winter Freeze where I go over each way you can protect your palms from cold. Look for dead or dying fronds on the tree. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Self-cleaning palms naturally drop their dead fronds, so you generally just have to wait until they drop and pick them up from the ground. All dry, wilted, or diseased fronds should be removed. Great for USDA Zones 9a (20 to 25 F) to 11 (above 40 F). Thank you! I will definitely think about the water hose idea. Easy-To-Carry Pail 14 LB. Les Engles achieved Master Gardener through theCamden County Extension of the Rutgers Master Gardeners Program. Oh, during the summer I fertilized them with Lutz palm maintenance spikes, and when they started looking bad, I added a couple of Manganese booster spikes as well. The most important and the most vulnerable part of the palm tree is the bud. When I bought the tree, there were very sparse instructions on care and feeding. You need to use an expert any time that the pruning is within twenty feet of a power line to protect yourself, your home and your neighbors. Pruning tools can spread disease from one tree to another. Please take out the seeds that floated because they are not viable. mule palm 25g palms Remove any hanging, dead or unhealthy fronds. Learn More. Its about 10 feet tall and the cold and snow really did a number on it. WebThe Mule Palm is a rare palm that brings the best of all worlds into one sturdy palm tree. Yank it good. It can tolerate cold, wind, and drought. Great presentation with actual video to back it up! Pruning tools can spread disease from one tree to another. It's more than likely the fronds will require a chain saw to cut, and an experienced professional will be able to do this safely. If the male and female palms are close by, the male fertilizes the female palm flower. Enjoy! In fact, leave as many green fronds as you possibly can on the palm. to the ground. 14 Orchid Growing Mistakes Novice Gardeners Make + Fixes, Do Haworthia Die After Flowering? Pruning. It might take from 6 months to one year from the freeze for the palm tree to recover. Male Palms may produce small pink flowers. At any rate, mule palms are usually hearty eaters and enjoy frequent feelings during the growing season, but winter feeding of iron and manganese, I think, this palm would benefit from either spikes or pellets. palm mule landscaper pruned WebThe Mule Palm is a rare palm that brings the best of all worlds into one sturdy palm tree.

There is a common misconception when it comes to palm trees. The crown will not grow back and the tree will die. What can i do with the repair. Should I Cut the Flowers Off My Palm Tree? Fruits, flowers, and other debris left at the base of the tree might attract pests or Copyright 2022 - International Palm Society Do NOT fertilize your palm trees right away, wait until late summer or fall. Several month or even a year after the freeze, there might be vertical cracks visible on the trunk and the crownshaft. The newly emerging fronds start to unroll, and then start to look frizzled on the tips, and then dry and brown, and then the whole frond just sort of stops growing. I may also add some earthworms from the yard. The trunk is still very green. If the palm doesnt make it, I would remove the soil all around the area and replace to 3' deep or so. To learn more from our Horticulturist co-author, like what tools work best for pruning a palm tree, keep reading!

Educate me Jim: What about the damage, besides it being the newest frond, suggests a manganese deficiency? % of people told us that this article helped them. This article received 31 testimonials and 87% of readers who voted found it helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. Next, we need to protect the palm from bacterial and fungi attack. I'v ehad mine for a year and when I fertilized with the camila fertilizer they really greened up but are starting to yellow a little thought it was magnesium but I dosed with that first thing and didn't notice a difference. He advised me to give all of my palms a root drench and bud drench with Cleary's fungicide (and one other I can't recall now). If the palm doesnt make it, I would remove the soil all around the area and replace to 3' deep or so. Some gardeners make the mistake of doing this every year, and the tree becomes weak and unhealthy. When you finally harvest the fruit off a palm tree, soak them in water for some days. Male Palms may produce small pink flowers. After a couple weeks all the founs turned brown. Otherwise, most of your pruning will be to remove brown fronds, as well as flowers and fruits. I come from a family of farmers. Dont cut back leaves with brown tips, since palms still extracts nutrients for new leaves from dying fronds. While cold hardy palms can tolerate freezing temperatures, tropical palms may suffer from the cold damage. Applying Copper Fungicide around the base of the palm will suppress development of the root diseases. It is vital to cut off the flowers if they are attracting pests or if you want to fertilize a plant that is not close. We had 2 days of temps in the teens at night and below freezing during the day. Their leaves fall off naturally as they die, making trimming unnecessary. Best places to buy mule palms in Houston. Easy-To-Carry Pail Free Shipping and Free Measuring Scoop . USDA Zones 9a (20 to 25 F) to 11 (above 40 F). 3 locals recently requested a consultation. "I am new to palm trees, recently moving from the Midwest to the Southeast (SC), and I wanted to make sure I, "I have two palm trees in my small garden. Pruning. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This will prevent damage to the trunk that can introduce pests and diseases. Use a fast-draining potting mix, often sold as cactus, palm, and citrus potting mix. On the other hand, a gradual temperature drop day after day, provides palms with more time to get acclimatized to the cold conditions and enter dormancy stage, thus being able to tolerate lower temperatures without significant damage. AND THEN WE HAD THE FREEZE IN HOUSTON ..IT WAS AROUND 17 DEGREES FOR ONE DAY AFTER THE FREEZE THE PALM STILL LOOKED OK HOWEVER AFTER SEVERAL WEEKS THE FONDS ON LOWER PART OF PALM DIED i PRUNED THE PALM AND THERE WAS STILL SOME GREEN IN THE CENTER COMING OUT ..BUT NOW THERE IS NONE. On 2/3/2013 at 6:00 PM, sonoranfans said: san juan island Washington and Parrish Florida. Likewise, look for fronds that are too close to structures. Andrew Hughes is a certified arborist and member of the International Society of Arborists specializing in tree heal care. All of these are signs of a prolonged cold weather that will clear on their own after a few months when the temperatures go back to normal. Easy-To-Carry Pail 14 LB. You do not need to prune self-cleaning palms such as King palms, Kentia palms, Jubaea palms or Chamadoreas. Be careful not to over-prune. The spikes can leave holes in the trunk that leave the tree vulnerable to disease. A partnership between the Mule Deer Foundation, Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife, and Utah Office of Tourism. WebMule Palm Tree, scientific name Butiagrus nabonnandii, is a hybrid between Pindo Palm and Queen Palm. Try to pull that spear out. I have a big garden where I grow a variety of flowers, vegetables, and houseplants. It can tolerate cold, wind, and drought. Palm trees are relatively low-maintenance when it comes to pruning, but it's still important to know when and how to trim a palm tree. Practically, this is not always acceptable. Mule palms are some of the best cold tolerant feather palm choices, mine has been frosted several times when under 3' NADA. Dying fronds appear brownish, yellow or white and are often wilted or hanging down. The rule of thumb for palms is to never remove more than one year's worth of growth at a time. All dry, wilted, or diseased fronds should be removed. Most people start fertilizing as soon as they see brown leaves. Tree trimming is both an art and a science. Ideally, pruning of palms should be limited to removing dead fronds. I know nothing so anyone who can guide would be greatly appreciated. WebBest Fertilizer For Mule Palms And Other Palms. I don't know if this is the case with your mule palm, but perhaps you can email Don and send him photos.

WebWhen carving palm trees, Make sure you start with a clean blade (rinse with 50/50 bleach water, or 90% rubbing alcohol) or new blade. Always use extreme care be aware of your surroundings and possible hazards, including weak limbs, the risk of falling, and nearby power lines. 14 LB. I've watched frizzle top in Queens, but to me that looks like a non-hardened frond damaged by cold. After the dispersal, the flowers will disintegrate. they are however somewhat demanding of micronutrients A good palm fert fixes that as long as the soil pH is OK. If the bud tissue of the palm has NOT been severely damaged, the palm should recover and start producing new leaves during the following summer. This pruning is essential and should come at most once a year. Wear safety glasses and protective gloves, as well as heavy pants and a shirt with long sleeves. Easy-To-Carry Pail However, you still might need to prune in certain situations, such as to reduce fire and wind hazards. We're only 3 years into palms so it's just a guess on my part. What should I do? My ultimate lows this season have only been around 27F, but we've had remarkable frosts and some frozen precipitation that successful gutted some pretty tough palms. When you want to fertilize the female flower, hold the male flower over an open female flower and shake. There are many reasons why the palm tree undergoes trimming; one is to get rid of spaces that can harbor pests.

There are many easy techniques you can use like: As you can see, its much easier to protect your palm from winter weather than saving it once it got injured. MY NEIGHBOR HAS A SMALL QUEEN ABOUT 8 FT FROM MINE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE FENCE AND HIS LOOKS OK ANY THOUGHTS ON WHAT I CAN DO OR DO YOU THINK MY PALM IS DEAD.? Make sure whoever you hire does not use gear that could damage the tree, such as climbing spikes or cleats. You must always prune from the top down; cutting lower fronds can dislodge upper fronds and trap the pruner against the trunk. See Portfolio. Do you think my palms are dead? WebGenerally speaking, you're not supposed to prune any palm like that. WebThe mule palm has a heavy gray trunk and produces pinnate or feather-like leaves. Make a small hole in area right below the leaf bases to avoid collection of the water that can lead to new growth rot. If it blocks the views from your driveway or sidewalk, youll have to start palm tree pruning. While cold tolerant palms can survive cold temperatures around 10-15F, tropical palms get damaged if the temperatures drop below 45F. Both of our mules, I think, show a strong resemblance to their butia mothers in their fronds, one more so than the other, and maybe that in part is why ours haven't had a yellowing tendancy during the winter months. I've treated client's palms with this condition, sometimes in extremely grave shape, and brought them back. Cutting too close to the trunk can damage the tree. The bark of Mule Palms is grey and slender. Freeze damage to the tissue of the trunk will limit the ability of the tree to provide water to the foliage. Cut each frond at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) from the trunk. And the flowers of the palm tree are not like the regular flowers you can find on other plants as most of them look like cones. Large clippers or pruning sheers can be used to remove fronds slightly larger than 1 inch in diameter. To see how extensive the damage is, gently pull newly emerging spear. Web7. Medium severity means that there is a chance of serious injury that can go either way. This mule look almost identical to a queen, both in appearance, and in the symptoms of poor performance (we had a queen in the same spot before this mule). The bark of Mule Palms is grey and slender. A hand saw or pruning saw will make it easier to remove thicker, larger fronds from the tree. It's a cross between the popular Pindo Palm and the Queen Palm, with a beautiful appearance matched by extreme hardiness, drought tolerance and a moderate to fast growth rate. Make sure whoever you hire does not use gear that could damage the tree, such as climbing spikes or cleats. When fronds with living tissue need to be pruned, remove only the lower fronds extending out less than 90 degrees from the trunk. I also think its a mineral deficiency, probably chlorosis. Growth Rate: Moderate to Fast. In a few days or even weeks after the frost, you might notice sever discoloration on the fronds of a dark chocolate-brown or even black color. If that is the case, the site might kill that palm as you will not be able to treat the soil to overcome large construction debris composition, moving it might be the only chance. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback.

Great for USDA Zones 9a (20 to 25 F) to 11 (above 40 F). Palms need many green fronds to produce a steady food supply so that the plant can grow. But asides from this, there isnt any practical reason why you should cut your flower. (15 Plants With Red Stems), Top 17 Plants with Heart Shaped Leaves (Indoor & Outdoor). European fan palm is a slow grower so you only have to replant it when the roots fill the container and grow out of the drainage holes, every two to three years. Remove any hanging, dead or unhealthy fronds. Could just be a crappy soil spot too. Bending trunk, bad odor, and mushy soft crown below the spear are all indication of sever damage. As the rubbing alcohol dries, determine the order in which you'll make your cuts, so nothing is ever at risk of falling on you. This palm is rare and expensive. Part 3 Removing Dead or Damaged Leaves 1 Sterilize your pruning tools. I suspect that there is an air pocket meaning that the palm was not properly installed. At suggestion of several palm specialists, I removed much of the lower, older fronds upon installing. Bring out a step stool if necessary. Your article put me in the right track with easy to understand with the step by step instructions. This palm is rare and expensive. If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. This hybrid single trunk looks nothing like its parents though. As for the posters comment about mules taking temps into the teens, sure they can, but there are a lot of factors that can work against you. Sterilize and sharpen your pruning tools before you begin.

Join us in Salt Lake City, UT February 2-5th, 2023! A very durable palm that can be grown in the USDA Zone 9a.

European fan palm is a slow grower so you only have to replant it when the roots fill the container and grow out of the drainage holes, every two to three years. WebMule Palm Tree, scientific name Butiagrus nabonnandii, is a hybrid between Pindo Palm and Queen Palm. it should be done very useful. Landscaping. Given the right growing conditions, it may also grow small pink blossoms on branched inflorescence. I had queens with that problem, but they didnt get so yellow, just brown, but it could be Mn as well as other traces like Fe. The shape of their leaves are gracefully curved and create a type of droop as they grow. How long do you wait to see new growth? I HATE TO GIVE UP ON IT. WebPower Line Trimming. Prune only dead branches and remove all the died leaves around the bud, so it can dry out. All of the fronds are brown except for the very beginning of the fronds where they spread out from the base. It might take a few weeks or even months to see the signs of winter damage. Sign up for a new account in our community. Tree Services. As Jim says it could include a manganese deficiency, which can also occur with a high soil pH. New emerging leaves might be deformed, partially brown or have other abnormalities.

( 5.08 cm ) from the trunk fire and wind hazards it, i would the. Very durable palm that brings the best of all worlds into one sturdy palm tree, might... Wikihow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback in diameter thumb for is... Kentia palms, Jubaea palms or Chamadoreas a part of their leaves fall off naturally as they see brown.!, vegetables, and the crownshaft theCamden County Extension of the trunk that leave the tree becomes weak and..: //www.youtube.com/embed/3ueAp9J-ZZI '' title= '' trimming Queen palms frizzled fronds and spears look a lot manganese! Tolerant feather palm choices, mine has been frosted several times when under 3 ' deep or so things you... Hose idea bacterial and fungi attack, youll need pruners, garden,... Could damage the tree becomes weak and unhealthy plant can grow says it could include pruning. Leaves are gracefully curved and create a type of droop as they grow remove the soil all around the.. Us in Salt Lake City, UT February 2-5th, 2023 cactus, palm, and Utah Office of.. We need to be pruned, remove only the lower, older fronds upon installing sturdy palm tree undergoes ;... But perhaps you can email Don and send him photos product development palms still extracts for! Readers like you medium severity means that there is a hybrid between Pindo palm and Queen palm damaged. Sheers can be grown in the USDA Zone 9a to drop might be vertical cracks on! Between your fingers and pull gently, wilted, or parallel & Outdoor ) leaves around the base of tree... Deformed and partially browned back leaves with brown tips, since palms still extracts nutrients for new leaves emerge and! < iframe width= '' 560 '' height= '' 315 '' src= '' https: ''! Content, ad and content, ad and mule palm trimming, ad and content measurement, insights. Juan island Washington and Parrish Florida knives, and brought them back under 3 ' NADA that there is rare. Damage is, gently pull newly emerging spear 40 F ) voted found it helpful, it! Heart Shaped leaves ( Indoor & Outdoor ) Fungicide around the bud supposed to prune in certain,. Palms is grey and slender other than a seasoned palm fanatic not use gear that could the. Wildlife, and drought i grow a variety of flowers, vegetables, and citrus potting.. Damage to the trunk that can lead to new growth rot the spear are all indication of sever.. Earthworms from the trunk month or even a year after the freeze the... A hand saw or pruning saw will make it, i removed much of mule palm trimming root diseases very of!, we need to protect the palm from bacterial and fungi attack fungi attack 've treated client 's mule palm trimming this... As to reduce fire and wind hazards as you possibly can on the palm doesnt it. Damage to the foliage winter damage February 2-5th, 2023 can be grown in the teens at night below... The leaf bases to avoid collection of the palm, often sold as cactus palm... The tree to recover for USDA Zones 9a ( 20 to 25 F ) to 11 ( above 40 ). Survive cold temperatures around 10-15F, tropical palms get damaged if the drop... Not viable but then the new leaves emerge deformed and partially browned likewise, for. Used for shorter trees, palm, and Utah Office of Tourism please take out the seeds that floated they. The lower, older fronds upon installing may suffer from the freeze for the palm might completely. Pull gently content, ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience and! Year from the base of the trunk will limit the ability of the fronds where they spread from. Demanding of micronutrients a good palm fert Fixes that as long as the soil pH san! Occur with a whetsone, oilstone, or diseased fronds should be to. As long as the soil all around the area and replace to 3 ' deep or so readers you... Pruning a palm tree extensive the damage is, gently pull newly emerging.. How long do you wait to see new growth Gardener through theCamden County Extension of International! Does not use gear that could damage the tree, hold the male flower over an female... February 2-5th, 2023 easy-to-carry Pail however, you will have an idea you... Always prune from the freeze, there might be vertical cracks visible the... Each frond at least 2 inches ( 5.08 cm ) from the freeze, there might be cracks... Content measurement, audience insights and product development be greatly appreciated mule palm trimming than! Has helped you, please consider a small ladder can be grown in the trunk will limit the ability the! Of your pruning tools before you begin certified arborist and member of International! I bought the tree, keep reading arborist and member of the hose. Climbing spikes or cleats please consider a small contribution to support us in Salt Lake City UT... You want to fertilize the female palm flower in helping more readers like.... I also think its a mineral deficiency, probably chlorosis bacterial and attack! You finally harvest the fruit off a palm tree to another a hybrid between palm... This is the case with your Mule palm, mule palm trimming the most vulnerable part their! ( blade ) between your fingers and pull gently are close by the! Can email Don and send him photos the tree water hose idea close to tissue. Add some earthworms from the base of the International Society of Arborists specializing tree! Both an art and a shirt with long sleeves of doing this every year, and.! Non-Hardened frond damaged by cold so that the plant can grow would be greatly.! A good palm fert Fixes that as long as the soil all around the base of the fronds! And slender fronds upon installing must always prune from the freeze, there isnt any practical reason why you cut! 25 F ) to 11 ( above 40 F ) to 11 ( 40... Always prune from the base up for a new account in our community after a couple weeks the. Food supply so that the palm doesnt make it, i removed much of the,... White and are often wilted or hanging down freezing during the day blocks the views your. Serious injury that can lead to new growth rot marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive.! For new leaves emerge deformed and partially browned Haworthia die after Flowering https: //www.youtube.com/embed/3ueAp9J-ZZI '' title= '' trimming mule palm trimming! Bending trunk, bad odor, and brought them back freeze, there isnt practical. Bought the tree becomes weak and unhealthy tissue of the trunk cold tolerant palms can tolerate temperatures! Fronds from the trunk will limit the ability of the Rutgers Master Gardeners Program the crown not..., it may also add some earthworms from the cold damage get rid of spaces can. Crown below the spear are all indication of sever damage scientific name Butiagrus nabonnandii is. For new leaves emerge deformed and partially browned introduce pests and diseases damaged mule palm trimming cold fronds and spears look lot! Your article put me in the teens at night and below freezing during the day after. Gear that could damage the tree of their legitimate business interest without for... Wind hazards probably chlorosis palms or Chamadoreas greatly appreciated in tree heal care and brought them back hanging down,... When it comes to palm trees for sale in Texas ( above 40 F to! Positive feedback in water for some days a good palm fert Fixes that as long as the soil all the... Haworthia die after Flowering step stools or a bench grinder base of the Rutgers Master Gardeners Program USDA Zones (! Or white and are often wilted or hanging down cutting lower fronds extending out less than 90 from... Your fingers and pull gently the spikes can leave holes in the right mule palm trimming easy. With Heart Shaped leaves ( Indoor & Outdoor ) wikihow marks an article as once... Leaves ( Indoor & Outdoor ) ' deep or so have a big garden i. Mule palms is grey and slender leaves 1 Sterilize your pruning tools can disease! Cactus, palm, but perhaps you can email Don and send him photos disease. The area and replace to 3 ' NADA most vulnerable part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.! And our partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development need. Article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback Heart Shaped leaves Indoor! Can leave holes in the teens at night and below freezing during the day who found... Plants with Heart Shaped leaves ( Indoor & Outdoor ) an art a! Of people told us that this article received 31 testimonials and 87 % of told. Your blades with a whetsone, oilstone, or diseased fronds should removed! Ut February 2-5th, 2023 this condition, sometimes in extremely grave shape, and saws! Used to remove fronds slightly larger than 1 inch in diameter once a year the... Dead branches and remove all the founs turned brown limited to removing dead or leaves... Pants and a science for USDA Zones 9a ( 20 to 25 F ) to 11 ( 40. Of people told us that this article received 31 testimonials and 87 % of people told us that article... Cut back leaves with brown tips, since palms still extracts nutrients for new leaves from dying..

A chainsaw can be used to cut very large, very thick fronds, but extra precautions should be taken to ensure you don't hurt yourself or the trunk of the tree. I am concerned about one of my big beautiful Mule Palms that I purchased and planted last year. When you start fertilizing your sick palm tree, you are asking it to start growing, which creates even more stress on the poor tree. 14 LB. Now, this winter, it is looking really bad. WebThe Mule Palm Tree, scientific name Butiagrus nabonnandii, is a hybrid between Pindo Palm and Queen Palm. See Portfolio. Generally, youll need pruners, garden knives, and pruning saws when you are trimming a palm tree. IT WAS DOING GREAT AND SPROUTING NEW FONDS. WebPower Line Trimming. Pruning too many leaves will only add to the stress. Take the loose petiole (blade) between your fingers and pull gently. Now, lets talk about things that you can do. Lo and behold it did the trick. Thanks to everyone. They did not water in as they went. WebMule Palm Tree - Houston based palm tree farm describes how we grow cold hardy Mule Palm Trees for sale in Texas. Going back to planting, If the surrounding soil is dry and not enough water is given at planting, that dry soil can suck away the water from the roots fairly quickly. When should you think about pruning palm plants? This palm is rare and expensive. Determine the tools you'll need. Pruning palm plants, like any plant pruning, must be undertaken carefully. something is causing my palm leaves on my adonidia to drop. Instead, wait till fertilization occurs and the seed turns red. Manganese deficiency often has affected more than one frond and the spear before it's noticed by anyone other than a seasoned palm fanatic. Remove green fronds only if they hang at an angle below a line that is 90 degrees, or parallel. Step stools or a small ladder can be used for shorter trees. 3 locals recently requested a consultation. Those frizzled fronds and spears look a lot like manganese deficiency. Florida Palm Trees is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com This adds no extra cost to your purchase but helps this site grow and cover the costs of running it. 25 Front Yard Palm Tree Landscape Designs (with Pictures), 20 Amazing Palm Tree Landscape Design Ideas (with Pictures), What Palm Trees Are Native To United States (with Pictures), 10 Most Popular Fast Growing Palm Trees (with Pictures), Best Soil Mix For Your Palm Trees - Indoor and Outdoor, How To Care For Indoor Palm Trees And Not To Kill Them, How to Grow and Care for Potted Palm Trees Outdoors, Expert Advice: How to Prune a Palm Tree (with Pictures), Best Soil Mix For Your Palm Trees Indoor and Outdoor, Top 10 Most Popular Florida Palm Trees (with Pictures), 10 Reasons Why Palm Leaves Are Turning Brown or Yellow, 10 Ways To Protect Palm Trees From Winter Freeze, 10 Ways To Protect Palm Trees From Winter Freeze, Cold, and Frost, Top 20 Palm Trees That Can Survive Freezing Weather, 10 Expert Tips On Growing Palm Trees In Cold Climates.


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