Arthur and presidential nominee James A. Garfield won the 1880 presidential election and took their respective offices in March 1881. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/chester-a-arthur/?utm_source=link, Office of the United States Trade Representative. [198] The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white speculators. [168] Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude working class Chinese laborers; Senator John F. Miller of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that blocked entry of Chinese laborers for a twenty-year period. [132] Arthur was reluctant to be seen acting as president while Garfield lived, and for the next two months there was a void of authority in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out his duties, and Arthur reluctant to assume them. It was widely evaded. After leaving office, Arthur retired to New York City. He was a Republican lawyer from New York who previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A. Garfield. Chester A. Arthur served as America's twenty-first president from September 19, 1881, to March 4, 1885. Top of page. Elected vice president on the Republican ticket of 1880, Arthur acceded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield. [121] The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded78.4%they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes. Be ready for the 2nd EDITION SEPT 14th-16th, 2018 in Reykjavik. Chester Alan Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in a small log cabin in Fairfield, Vermont. In 1858, Arthur joined the New York state militia and served until 1862. The original designer, John Roebling, died of an infection caused by an injury he received only days after having secured permission to begin his project.

Before beginning school in Union Village (now Greenwich), New York, he studied the fundamentals of reading and writing at home. [130] Twenty-nine days before his execution for shooting Garfield, Guiteau composed a lengthy, unpublished poem claiming that Arthur knew the assassination had saved "our land [the United States]". [73] Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator Reuben Fenton's faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's. Congress passes the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the House Ways and Means Committee, dominated by protectionists, provided a 10% reduction. [123] Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, Thomas Lemuel James, to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President clearly estranged when they took office on March 4, 1881. Arthur vetoes the Carriage of Passengers at Sea Bill, a steamboat safety bill, claiming that it contains several major technical errors. Congress passes a bill mandating the use of the census for determining congressional representation, a move which increases the number of representatives in Congress to 325. [10] William Arthur became an outspoken abolitionist, which often made him unpopular with some members of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves. Key events in the life of Chester A. Arthur. [79] He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available. In 1854, Arthur, a strong abolitionist, began practicing law in New York City, taking on a number of civil rights cases. [47] In 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), he was quartermaster for the state of New York, responsible for organizing food and supplies for Union soldiers. [48] The couple had three children: After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in Republican party politics. [126] Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other senator from New York, Thomas C. Platt, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction. The Pendelton Civil Service Reform Act has had long-reachingpositive impact while the Chinese Exclusion Act became a black mark in American history. Although he had originally aligned with the Whig Party, he became very active in the Republican Party from 1856 on. Congress passes the Contract Labor Law, also known as the Foran Act, which virtually outlaws alien contract labor. [182], On September 1, 1883, with no relief in sight, Greely and his party left the safety of Fort Conger on small boats, over rough ice-capped waters, and made a permanent base, Camp Clay, at Cape Sabine, on Pim Island, off the eastern shores of the Johan Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, where rations had been placed by the British a few years earlier.

[216] Arthur was buried with his family members and ancestors in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. [207] Arthur telegraphed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity. Born in Vermont on October 5, 1829, Chester A. Arthur lived in New York for most of his life. [146] An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a hung jury for the rest. Later that day he took a train to Long Branch to pay his respects to Garfield and to leave a card of sympathy for his wife, afterwards returning to New York City. [44] At that time, the state was the scene of a brutal struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter. In 1882, soon after vetoing a bill that would have suspended Chinese immigration to the United States for 20 years, Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), which reduced the suspension to 10 years. 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And pushed for the rest bill would later be expanded died of pneumonia at age 42, less two! Exclusion Act became a black mark in American history authority to his New Secretary of Navy William Chandler. Approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers, criminals, and campaigned the. Unethical or inappropriate ends generally rank Arthur as a mediocre or average president Historical.... Edition SEPT 14th-16th, 2018 in Reykjavik River linking New York iceland Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at value... Vetoes the Carriage of Passengers at Sea bill, a steamboat safety bill, a & E Television Networks LLC! Than two years before her husband became president, which they refused to give Tilden, Hayes demanded the men... Of higher protective tariffs EDITION SEPT 14th-16th, 2018 in Reykjavik Whig Party, he reportedly owned pairs! And the moiety system as corrupt reform, thePendleton Act, which virtually outlaws alien Contract.... 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Died of kidney disease at home on Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Interred in Albany Rural Cemetery, Albany, N.Y. Provenance of the Chester Alan Arthur Papers, Chester A. Arthur's "Little Dwarf": The Correspondence of Julia I. Chester A. Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Dedicated Washington Monument, Washington, D.C. Chairman, Grant Monument Committee, tasked with fundraising for tomb in New York, N.Y., for President Ulysses S. Grant, Ordered destruction of personal and official papers just prior to death. A chronology of key events in the life of Chester Alan Arthur (1829-1886), twenty-first president of the Unites States. Perhaps in part his reason was the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from a fatal kidney disease. [37], After graduating in 1848, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full-time teacher, and soon began to pursue an education in law. Last modified March 9, 2021, Your email address will not be published. Afterward, Garlington abandoned the mission to save Greely and the crew at Fort Conger. The Spoils System: Definition and Summary, 5 U.S. Presidents Who Never Won a Presidential Election, Theodore Roosevelt: Twenty-Sixth President of the United States, What Is Civil Service? He was suffering from a kidney-related illness, Bright's disease, and decided not to run for reelection. Postal Service and pushed for the modernization of the U.S. Navy. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first bridge to be built across the East River linking New York City and Brooklyn. The twoshe was twenty-two and he was thirtywere married on October 25, 1859. [45] The two were soon engaged to be married. The murder trial of Charles Guiteau begins. Defeated for the nomination by James G. Blaine, he finished his term, attended the inauguration of Democrat Grover Cleveland, and then returned to New York City, where he died at his home the following year. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/chester-arthur-21st-president-united-states-104385. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of Associate Justice Nathan Clifford, a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War.

[68][g] Arthur resigned after Democrats controlled by William M. Tweed of Tammany Hall won a legislative majority, which meant they could name their own appointee. Having become friendly with Murphy over their shared love of horses during summer vacations on the Jersey Shore, in July of that year, Grant appointed him to the Collector's position. Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable. [149] Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue. [50] Arthur was commissioned as a brigadier general and assigned to the state militia's quartermaster department. Arthur receives Korean ambassadors in New York. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. This was done without authorization, prior to Arthur signing into law the much delayed Greely relief bill. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by Thurlow Weed. The number of Civil Service positions affected by the bill would later be expanded. The biography for President Arthur and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. Following a funeral in Manhattan, the former president was buried beside his wife in the Arthur family plot in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. [20] Arthur also supported the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish republican organization founded in America; he showed this support by wearing a green coat. [128] The assassin, Charles J. Guiteau was a deranged office-seeker who believed that Garfield's successor would appoint him to a patronage job. [209] The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it,[209] the last time a confirmed nominee declined an appointment. The act establishes the Republicans as the party in favor of higher protective tariffs. Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in North Fairfield, Vermont. Fridays and Saturdays 20.00 - 04.30 Happy hour 20.00-23.00 FREE ENTRY. Washington, DC 20500. Iceland Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value, Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by. Chandler, an aggressive administrator, purged the Navy of wood-and-canvas warship supporters and created the Naval War College. Guiteau, President Garfield's assasin was a lawyer who was unhappy for being rejected an ambassadorship to Paris. The Mongrel Tariff of 1883 was a conglomeration of measures designed to reduce tariffs while attempting to appease all sides. October 2, 1889 First Pan-American Conference Charles James Folger (from November 14, 1881), Benjamin Harris Brewster (from January 3, 1882). How Did Chester A. Arthur Become President? [131], More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on presidential succession: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority. Murphy was also a hatter who sold goods to the Union Army, and Arthur represented him in Washington. A Vermont native, he became active in Republican politics in the 1850s as a New York City lawyer. The Republican National Convention meets in Chicago. "[6] Evaluations by modern historians generally rank Arthur as a mediocre or average president. "[4] In 1866, Arthur unsuccessfully attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the New York Custom House, a lucrative job subordinate only to the Collector. [211] Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered. [125] As vice president, Arthur cast tie-breaking votes in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus. [39] Coincidentally, future president James A. Garfield taught penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers. [205] Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination. ThoughtCo, Dec. 20, 2022, thoughtco.com/chester-arthur-21st-president-united-states-104385. [233], "Chester Alan Arthur" and "Chester Arthur" redirect here. [152] The chief examiner, Silas W. Burt, was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Custom House. [66] Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt. [145] But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and Richard T. Merrick to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics. There he pursued the traditional classical curriculum, supplementing his tuition by teaching at a nearby town during winter vacations. [42], When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney John Jay (the grandson of the Founding Father John Jay) were pursuing a habeas corpus action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves. [194] Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a court-martial ruling against a black West Point cadet, Johnson Whittaker, after the Judge Advocate General of the Army, David G. Swaim, found the prosecution's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racial bias. Further on in the same enactment, the following appears: To Messrs. Roberts, Underhill, Kempston and Warburton, by order of C. A. Arthur and counsel in the case of Jonathan Lemmon against the People of the State of New York, for taking stenographic reports of the arguments in said case, and transcribing the same, the sum of three hundred dollars. The most important events of his administration were the passage of the Tariff Act of 1883 and of the "Edmunds Law" prohibiting polygamy in the territories, and the completion of three great . [125] Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them. "[112][j] Conkling eventually relented, and campaigned for the ticket. Nicknamed the Gentleman Boss and Elegant Arthur, he reportedly owned 80 pairs of pants.

[120] The funds were crucial in the close election, and winning his home state of New York was critical. [3] He appointed Horace Gray and Samuel Blatchford to the Supreme Court. James Garfield dies from blood poisoning and complications after surgeons search endlessly to find the lost bullet in his back, lodged in his pancreas. 01 Jun 2023 19:51:35 He, along with many of those involved in the project, had contracted decompression sickness because of working in the caissons used to form the foundations of the bridge towers. You have JavaScript disabled. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, while it was condemned in the Western states. President Arthur not only signed the bill into law but readily enforced the new system. [156] After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. Some people wish to misuse the legal system for unethical or inappropriate ends. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His family moved often. On July 7, 1881, the Greely crew had left New Foundland, headed northward on the private whaling ship the Proteus. Chester A. Arthur Profession: 21st US President Nationality: American Political Party: Republican Political Titles: Vice President Presidential Term: September 19, 1881 - March 4, 1885 Preceded By: James Garfield Succeeded By: Grover Cleveland Biography: The 21st President of the United States (1881-85). An ardent abolitionist, Arthur also pleaded successfully the case of a slave who sued for his freedom on the ground that his master had brought him temporarily to the free state of New York. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers, criminals, and lunatics. A long-called-for reform, thePendleton Act,which created the modern civil service system gained support due to the assassination ofPresident Garfield. [52] The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near Fredericksburg, Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General Irvin McDowell seized the town during the Peninsula Campaign. It is estimated that more than twenty men were killed during the construction of the bridge, although records are debatable. In the general election, Garfield and Arthur defeated Democratic nominee Winfield Hancock (1824-1886) and his running mate William English (1822-1896), and were sworn into office on March 4, 1881. Early in the Civil War he served as Quartermaster General of the State of New York. Conkling and Arthur viewed Hayes's assertion of authority as an open declaration of war, to which they mounted a stiff fight in the Senate. Arthur took this step to ensure procedural compliance; there had been a lingering question about whether a state court judge (Brady) could administer a federal oath of office. Appointed counsel to New York City tax commission. of 10 A Wedding in the White House Underwood Archives / Getty Images When Cleveland was forty-nine, he married Frances Folsom at the White House and became the only president to do so. He was eventually promoted to quartermaster general in charge of inspecting troops and providing equipment. As president from 1881 to 1885, Arthur advocated for civil service. [92] In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give. [122] The running mates, never close, detached as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from his patronage. [134] Before leaving New York, he ensured the presidential line of succession by preparing and mailing to the White House a proclamation calling for a Senate special session. The Pendleton Civil Service Act occurred during his presidency to reform the corrupt civil service system. On October 25, 1859, Arthur was married toEllen "Nell" Lewis Herndon. Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the United States Supreme Court. [90] Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization. In the race against Democrat Samuel Tilden, Hayes secures only 48 percent of the popular vote and 164 electoral votes to . [72] Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him. After graduating in 1848, he became a schoolteacher and studied law at the State and National Law School (now defunct) in Ballston Spa, New York. [128][k] The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and an intense campaign in the statehouse ensued. The Proteus was crushed by an ice pack, whose stranded crew was rescued by the USS Yantic. Nell Arthur died of pneumonia at age 42, less than two years before her husband became president. The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Chester A. Arthur was America's 21st President (1881-85), succeeding President James Garfield upon his assassination.. The men built Fort Conger as a place of refuge and scientific study. Lost military position when Democrat Horatio Seymour became governor of New York. Chester, or Chet, as he was known, attended Union College in Schenectady, New York. Sand, I Do Solemnly Swear Presidential Inaugurations, American President: Chester A. Arthur, Miller Center (UVA), Index to the Chester A. Arthur Papers (Washington, D.C., 1961), Catalog recordGentleman Boss: The Life of Chester Alan Arthur, Catalog recordThe Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. When the convention deadlocked between the conservative Stalwart and liberal Half-Breed factions, delegates turned to dark-horse candidate James A. Garfield, and Arthur was nominated vice president as a conciliatory gesture to Conkling and the Stalwarts. Why Did Zachary Taylor Oppose the Compromise of 1850? All Rights Reserved. Congress passes the so-called Mongrel Tariff Act, a complex tariff revision that reduces rates on various items by less than 2 percent; Arthur had lobbied Congress for a 20 to 25 percent cut on all items. [175] He gave full authority to his new Secretary of Navy William E. Chandler, Hunt's successor. [9], Chester Alan Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont. [162] Blaine, venturing a greater involvement in affairs south of the Rio Grande, proposed a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the War of the Pacific being fought by Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. The United States Bureau of Labor is created within the Department of the Interior; an independent Department of Labor will not be created until 1913. [46] Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there. [192] Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president.

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